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English vs. Spanish
English is difficult in terms of pronunciation. There are approximately 9-12 vowel contrasts. Spanish, however, only has 5. In addition, English is a stress time language. Spanish is rhythm timed. The chart to right outlines further phonological differences between English and Spanish.
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Click to Enlarge the Chart Below:
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CUP
Cummins also uses the term CUP (Common Underlying Proficiency) to describe a set of skills and implicit metalinguistic knowledge that can be tapped into when learning a second language. It is the base of development for both languages. Expansion of the CUP has a beneficial effect on the other language. Thus, it is important for students to continue their native language development. Conceptual knowledge developed in the first language help to make input in the second language comprehensible.
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ELLs learn pragmatic competence by dealing with others. Classroom teachers can help by giving students many opportunities to talk (especially with peers), explicitly teaching rules of interaction in a classroom, and providing an environment that is a model for discussion. It is essential for ELLs to learn the functional uses of languages: how to ask questions, how to clarify, etc. This website has lesson plans for teaching pragmatic competence.
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